The butterfly species and subspecies occurring in the southern Cape are listed. The threatened red data taxa are reviewed and the ecology, biology, threats and latest conservation status are described. Six putative new taxa are identified and three of these taxa are recommended for red listing. The relations with the conservation authorities are discussed. The importance of participating in environmental impact assessments for new developments, particularly in the coastal zone, is emphasised and a number of case studies given. There is a need for our society to play a role at local level in raising public awareness and educating the younger generation about the need for butterfly conservation.